direct rule in tanganyika
In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. The imperial government had attempted to protect African land rights in 1895 but had failed in its objective in the Kilimanjaro area. They wanted to expand their market for manufactured goods in Africa. Stoecker 1987 represents the former GDR school of studying German imperialism. @ n ? " j) People from the same traditional communities were divided and placed in different countries or colonies. RELATED POSTS. And he also insisted on close government control in the form of a Registrar with the power to set up societies and if need be to liquidate any which do not obey the rules. In the mid-20th century, Tanganyika was the largest producer of beeswax in the world. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. So, it can be said that the principal controls the agent. Britain used direct and indirect rule. Although there was little organization behind it, the uprising spread over a considerable portion of southeastern Tanganyika and was not finally suppressed until 1907. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were secure. The IBEA Company was interested in trading, rather than administration. Hanzawa, Takamaro Registered in England & Wales No. which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker. HOW THE GERMANS APPLIED DIRECT RULE IN TANGANYIKA The Germans made use of the Akidas and Jumbes. The Belgian administration was mainly indirect rule which was done through traditional chiefs. Britain needed a new name to replace "Deutsch Ostafrika" or "German East Africa". Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. When the Sultan of Zanzibar objected, German warships threatened to bombard his palace. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. After the First World War in 1918 significant changes were made. Portugal also used it in Mozambique and Angola in the employment of "Degradados" . xiixiii). Indirect Control (aka Proxy Control) is anything that has contact with your opponent through a piece of equipment or their Gi (i.e. They wanted to spread the European civilization. f) New breeds of animals and crops that could do well under the African climate were introduced. Cultivation of several profitable cash crops such as cotton, sisal, coco and coffee were important to developing the colony as these resources were used for German consumers and industry. Czapliski, Marek They also objected to being forced by the Germans to grow crops and to the brutal methods used to ensure that their orders were being obeyed. 1993. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. to preserve African political institutions. Tanganyika in 1912 was poised for that struggle for control between European settler and educated African which has been a fundamental theme of the modern history of East and Central Africa. Cameron made it clear when he arrived in Tanganyika, and many times thereafter, that he was ruling on behalf of the African population, but he also made it clear, for example when laying the foundation stone of Tabora School in 1925, that Tanganyika was definitely and for ever embodied in the framework of the British Empire (quoted by Mbilinyi 1975: 4). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This view, however, is generous to Cameron, and unjust to Byatt, under whose administration most of what is commonly attributed to Cameron was begun. But there was another possibility, and this was an alliance with the educated, in some suitable institutional form. Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). Reasons for Introducing Indirect Rule in Nigeria. Islam has continued to be a major religion within the area, with 36% of Tanzanian population adhering to Islam. They had made money in their own countries and wanted to invest it in other continents. Portugal was the oldest colonial power in Africa and was the last one to leave. These decrees were made by the Minister of Colonies in charge of all French colonies. To resolve this, it became necessary to share out the continent amicably amongst the various European countries. In return for their hard labour, they got nothing and this became a new form of slavery. Not the least attractive feature of this movement is that perhaps no other system offers better prospects of producing leaders from among the people. The Germans brutally repressed the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905. Peterss activities were confirmed by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the German Empire. His book, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), not only gained him the award of the Gold Medal of fche Royal Geographical Society, but immediately became a classic, as Lord Athlone said in his address of presentation, when he also spoke of Lord Lugard as the father of indirect rule. INDIRECT RULE While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The rebellion was put down only after the intervention of the imperial German government and with the assistance of the British navy. Apart from Ruanda-Urundi (assigned to Belgium) and the small Kionga Triangle (assigned to Portuguese Mozambique), the territory was transferred to British control. District Officers. j) It brought manufactured goods some of which could not be produced locally. What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? In this respect the claim of the African intelligentsia is very weak (p. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. During German rule in Tanganyika they used direct rule system thus faced a lot of resistances from Tanganyika societies such as Hehe resistance, Yao and Chagga resistance. Before World War I, Tanganyika formed part of the German colony of German East Africa. . p) Development within the colonies was not balanced or uniform. Tanganyika Forestry under German Colonial Administration, 1891- The journal has framed its vision of social justice with an understanding of the international dimensions of power, inequality, and injustice. (pp. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. At the coast they used direct rule. Britain and Germany then agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and the Sultan was forced to acquiesce. These challenges only emphasized the insecurities of Tanganyika and its people. We shall say that a direct style of rule features highly centralized decision making while an indirect style of rule features a more decentralized framework in which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker entity. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? In 1953 Julius Nyerere was elected president of the Tanganyika African Association (TAA), an organization made up mainly of African civil servants, which had been formed in Dar es Salaam in 1929. While he certainly did not want political power in the hands of settlers, he took steps to encourage them. Indirect rule, It was not until the 1950s that Britain realized the potential of marketing co-operatives as a means of involving educated Africans in the administration, and creating leaders. The name of the territory was taken from the large lake in its west. Corrections? In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. In 1964, after the Zanzibar Revolution which saw the Arab rule of Zanzibar overthrown, Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to become the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which later became known as the United Republic of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. [4], In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists travelled through the African interior from Zanzibar. The British used a method called Indirect rule in African colonies as a way of giving traditional African leaders new titles as colonial administrators. Whats the difference between direct and indirect control? The system of government used by the British in Kenya is shown below. Almost at once came a reaction to German methods of administration, the outbreak of the Maji Maji uprising in 1905. This successfully encouraged the pioneer coffee-growing activities on the slopes of Kilimanjaro. [9], One of the major drivers for decolonisation in Tanganyika was TANU which was founded in 1954, led by Julius Nyerere. The first agent of German imperialism was Carl Peters, who, with Count Joachim von Pfeil and Karl Juhlke, evaded the sultan of Zanzibar late in 1884 to land on the mainland and made a number of contracts in the Usambara area by which several chiefs were said to have surrendered their territory to him. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Chiefs were expected to do what the British told them, and those who took too independent a line were replaced, regardless of the legitimacy of their claims to be chiefs. They forced Africans to grow cash crops like groundnuts, coffee, cotton and palm oil which were then exported to France. Tanganyika's main objective after the war was to ensure that its program for economic recovery and development went ahead. Another major change, which was the direct result of the war, was the United Nations Trusteeship to replace the former League Mandate. However, two of the main factors that burdened Tanganyikas independence was its geography and its surrounding neighbours. The German government set up a separate Colonial Department in 1907, and more money was invested in East Africa. African people were treated badly. For, as we saw in Chapter 8, after 1932 the colonial government refused to treat seriously African co-operatives that were not directly controlled by chiefs or expatriates. xxi). 11 representing Tanganyika, Kimambo, N. and Maddox, H. (2017) A New History of Tanzania. The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the country's financial position. h) Africans were viewed as slaves rather than free people. He gave generous rewards to any company that agreed to come into Congo to start a project. an indirect style of rule features a more decentralized framework in. In 1893 there was only one Sisal plantation in the country, by 1913 there were 54. 84. Article 2 of the Covenant with the League of Nations, reproduced in, Indirect rule is identified with Lord Lugard, Governor of Nigeria 191219, although its roots can be traced back to British administration in India in the eighteenth century. It was applied in Namibia, Tanganyika, Togo etc. On the contrary, the local people had many grievances against their rule. Governor Provincial Administration. the educated).5. As more and more co-operatives were registered with colonial approval (and supervision) so the alliance between the educated and the colonial state was legitimized. The German colonial administration instituted an educational programme for native Africans, including elementary, secondary, and vocational schools. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. This was pointed out by the Permanent Mandates Commission, but the British made no effort to change the policy (Leubuscher 1944). To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org This would have undermined the entire basis of Tanganyika independence. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Since most of the plantations and estates had been confiscated as German property, and had fallen into disrepair, initially there was little alternative but to encourage peasant production (Iliffe 1979: 2623; Bates 1957: 4375). This meant that they appointed officers for their countries to rule on behalf of the home country. In Tanganyika, the same degree of centralization had never been achieved. 1996 Social Justice/Global Options In some areas, Islam became adopted by the native peoples such as the Yao in the south of the country. Many of the ex-German plantations were sold to European companies and mixed farms were given to new British owners. This number was subsequently increased to four, with three Asian nonofficial members and four Europeans. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Many of them were employed from the Indian administration to work for the Tanganyikan administration. Executive power was exercised by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and laws on matters with which the Stormont Parliament could deal were made by Orders in Council. The Jumbes were generally poorly supervised and they, therefore, had a lot of power in the areas. The main leader of the independence movement was undoubtedly Nyerere, who led the party TANU, which was a socially diverse group which had shared demands for independence from Britain. Most of the power in the colonies was based in France and there was a very little delegation of power within the colony. Recall that indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the British overseas territories in West Africa. In the few areas where there was a strong centralized traditional government indirect rule was used. During assimilation, blacks were to meet the following conditions. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. Similarly, liberal labour legislation had not been properly implemented. The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika. It began to break down in the 1930s as soon as the British tried to use the chiefs to enforce unpopular agricultural measures, a process that was continued, as we have seen in Chapter 7, in the 1950s. Cameron has been described as the first great governor, and Nyerere himself, in 1956, singled him out as the only governor up to that time who had not ruled the country as if it were a British colony (Listowel 1965: 75; Nyerere 1966: 41). It was not until the Victoria Federation of Co-operative Unions was accepted in 1952 that the penny dropped. The colonial administration used the already existing traditional systems to rule colonies. What was the stated goal of indirect rule in Africa? The chief item in the development program was a plan to devote 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of land to the production of peanuts (the Groundnuts Scheme). A more liberal form of administration rapidly replaced the previous semimilitary system. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The hierarchical nature of the political structure was ideal for the system of indirect rule because the British could control the emirs and the emirs in turn could control their people. In 1884, Otto Von Bismarck, a powerful German leader, invited all European powers a conference in Berlin where they divided the African continent amongst themselves. As Britain took control of the Gold Coast they dominated trade, introduced new techniques, grew new crops, and demand control of other areas. [16] The influx of refugees was a huge issue for Tanganyika so soon after independence. It presents divergent viewpoints in a readable fashion for concerned citizens with an interest in current affairs, while including ample notes and references to satisfy the academic reader. The country held its first elections in 1958 and 1959. For example, it was used by Germans in Tanganyika where they either employed their pure Europeans or imported other mixed cultures of Jumbes and Akidas in Tanganyika. Inevitably the retrenchment evident in the 1930s became still more severe, and, while prices for primary products soared, the value of money depreciated proportionately. Breadcrumbs Section. World War I put an end to all German experiments. 2. It was gradually occupied by forces from the British Empire and Belgian Congo during the East Africa Campaign, although German resistance continued until 1918. You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches". They both based government institutions on European styles. It was officially acknowledged by the 1950's that indirect rule had outlived its usefulness, especially in those numerous cases where "the concept of a chief was absent". The British were therefore forced to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. How did Britain use indirect rule in Africa? By the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886, the sultan of Zanzibars vaguely substantiated claims to dominion on the mainland were limited to a 10-mile- (16-km-) wide coastal strip, and Britain and Germany divided the hinterland between them as spheres of influence, the region to the south becoming known as German East Africa. These mistreatments were opposed by other countries in the World. In northern Nigeria and in Buganda there were long-established and powerful chieftainships. After this, the League of Nations formalised the UK's control of the area, who renamed it "Tanganyika". In 1923, Philip Mitchell, at that time District Officer in Tanga, decided to run the Tanga government office entirely with African staff. [10] In 1963, TANU opened its doors to all members of society within Tanganyika, whereas it had previously only been open to Africans.[11]. Africans provided free forced labour on settler farms. The assimilated blacks enjoyed the following rights: The policy of assimilation failed and was replaced with the policy of association. Direct rule is a system of governmental rule in which the central authority has power over the country. Large pieces of African land were taken by foreign companies who then exploited minerals and tree products and sold them at a profit to European countries. Companies were used to exploit African resources Company officials were Brutal and corrupt pocketed the money and made colonies bankrupt Chartered companies Never consulted the home governments, Many were incompetent and . Find out more about saving to your Kindle. [1], The name was chosen by the British with the Treaty of Versailles, and as such the name took effect when Britain was given control of Tanganyika in 1920. Henry Morton Stanley had found the name of "Tanganika", when he travelled to Ujiji in 1876. Assimilation failed mainly because of the following reasons: Africans who lived in the communes were treated like citizens of France. W. Morris-Hale, British Administration in Tanganyika from 1920 to 1945 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, 1969), p. 284. [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. e) Africans lost large tracts of their land to the European settlers. He attempted to silence the criticisms by Europeans that had been leveled against his predecessor by urging the creation of a Legislative Council in 1926 with a reasonable number of nonofficial members, both European and Asian. Congo finally became independent in 1960. He therefore was surprised by the British governments reluctance to permit settlement in Tanganyika. The goal of indirect rule was to develop future leaders, while the goal of direct rule was assimilation, or integration of the native population into European culture and traditions. The French practised the policy of Assimilation. i) The African continent was broken up into political units that later became. By mid-century the older and newer populations had settled down into recognisable tribal polities, each with its own social and political organisation, language, and customs, but also having similarities based on mutual contact and observation, intermarriage and the mutually . In addition, Nyerere's growing emphasis on modernisation and his African socialist ideology known as Ujamaa saw many rural farmers' livelihoods destroyed by encroaching agriculturalists. Likewise, the Germans in Tanganyika used direct rule as their system of administration. This changing outlook constitutes in my view one of the major problems of Africa today. The architect of the system, in West Africa, was Lord Lugard. Therefore after the British took control over the Tanganyika colony; they decided to change the former German direct rule which used Jumbes and Akidas and introduced indirect . Eventually a third possibility would present itselfthe aspiration towards total control of the European machinerybut for this there was not yet sufficient daring or strength. The history of Tanganyika from the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 (the greatest African rebellion against early European rule) to the last years of German administration. The British advance into German territory continued steadily from 1916 until the whole country was eventually occupied. The French established what they called four communes of Senegal - St. Louis, Dakar, Goree and Rufisque. In the hinterland they used indirect rule, They divided Tanganyika into Provinces and 22 districts. " direct" style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. In 1896 work began on the construction of a railway running northeastward from Tanga to Moshi, which it reached in 1912. A Governor One of the features of Indirect Rule was the position of a Governor.
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