ogaden population in kenya
Population [ edit] According to the 2019 Kenya census, approximately 2,780,502 ethnic Somalis live in Kenya. Kenyan Somalis are drawn back and forth between an emphasis on their ethnic Somaliness and their belonging to Kenya as citizens they share their socialization with other fellow Kenyans, but are treated as if not quite belonging to Kenya. 4. During the 2011 drought in the northern regions of the country, for instance, there was a wave of solidarity with people donating to campaigns such as Kenyans for Kenya. The question for Kenyan Somalis is not, therefore, if they belong to Kenya, but how. ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Balaton-Chrimes, Counting as Citizens, 215. )methane emissions: 37.65 megatons (2020 est. His grandfather served as Sergeant in the colonial-era Kenya Police. It was created in 1974 [2] and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and the Somali regions of Bakool, Bay, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Juba), and Jubbada Hoose (Lower Juba) further down east. 30. ), lowest 10%: 1.8%highest 10%: 37.8% (2005), 3.42% of GDP (2021 est. )percent of population: 29% (2021 est. Weitzberg, The Unaccountable Census.. Similar living experiences can also result from internal migration, often for educational reasons or because of work. KHRC, Foreigners at Home, 2426; Interview with Amina, August 2016. Kenyan Somalis at times naively buy into this national delusion until they are violently awakened to the reality by events like the current exercise [operation usalama watch], and then put in their rightful place. the report brings us up to date on a 20 year-old insurgency waged by some Ogadeeni members of the larger ethnic Somali population in parts of the Ogaden region, which stretches across south-eastern Ethiopia and the borders of Kenya and the Somali territories. This status was similar to that of Nubians, see Sarre, The Nubians of Kibera.. )$8.297 billion (31 December 2020 est. ), municipal: 500 million cubic meters (2020 est. )101.302 (2018 est. 14. )$9.116 billion (31 December 2019 est. )exports of goods and services: 13.9% (2017 est. 11. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Together, these attacks claimed over 400 lives.Footnote68 The attackers persistently targeted non-Muslims, and claimed that they were reacting to non-Muslim occupation of Muslim territory. For the first time it was possible to be counted as Kenyan, and about 600,000 people did so.Footnote50 In one letter to the Daily Nation, the author described himself as belonging to a group of urban detribalized or de-ethnicised Kenyans, growing up in neighbourhoods that are characterized by diversity and jamaa wa mtaa (family of the street): We may be a minority, but we represent the future.Footnote51 Furthermore, smaller ethnic groups tried to gain recognition by the state, which in the case of Nubians, for example, meant being finally accepted as Kenyans.Footnote52, The census count of Somali inhabitants of Kenya was also controversial. The two countries went to war in 1888, but the conflict was ended by the . . Therefore, the 2013 election campaigns brought a considerable electoral focusto the north.Footnote62 The prospect of economic development arising from Kenyas Vision 2030, with its special dedication to the north, increased the relevance of the elections further. Full article: Who are Kenya's 42(+) tribes? The census and the Turton, The Isaq Somali Diaspora, 327. Even though other communities, such as Maasai, Kalenjin, or Luo likewise spread over national borders, Kenyan Somali Members of Parliament lamented repeatedly that Kenya treats its Somali citizens differently than those other groups.Footnote90 The notion of pastoralism can, however, also serve as a binding element, as the elections 2013 showed. The host population within a 50km radius of the refugee complex has been growing at a rate of 11.7% per year since the refugees moved into Dadaab, according to a study commissioned by the Kenyan. Instead, a de jure count was undertaken, followed by sampling. Walaal means sister or brother in Somali and is, similar to warya, a reminder of difference. This country has a population size of a little over 102.4 million, making it the second most populated country in Africa. The system we have gone through, the schooling, brings people closer together, the way we understand things. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? relatively successful government counter-insurgency campaign - have exhausted the local Ethiopian-Somali population sufficiently to push the ONLF back to the table. The heterogeneous Somali population in Kenya can roughly be categorized into four groups. ), total: 11.1% (2020 est. When I met him in Nakuru, he lived with his two brothers. In the North Eastern Province, they had at least what is theirs. These gray spaces develop through the interaction of different actors, many of them non-Somali Kenyan politicians, but as well Somali elites, who use their position to shake off competitors. 55. I either refer to the name used during the respective period or use the geographical term northeastern region. )refined petroleum consumption: 116,400 bbl/day (2019 est. 57. While she had never before mentioned Somalia, one day she told me that a friend of the family was stopping by more frequently in the last time and it seemed he just wanted to see her. The biggest group of Somalis moving to the cities were therefore not refugees, but Kenyan Somalis whose migration resulted partly from the changing structures in the northeastern region. Interview with Mzee Jamal, November 2010. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. Eastern Africa - Abyssinia | Britannica From Kenyan Somalis urbanized during the colonial time, this meta-image derives the legal notion of alienness, and from the Somalis of the northeastern region the tropes of violent opposition to the state and of cultural difference. She was curious about him and argued that the good thing about him was that he came from the country of her father: from home, from Somalia. Intersectionality, Citizenship and Contemporary Politics of Belonging. HRW, Death and Disappearances, 1213. note: data are in current year dollars$17.717 billion (2020 est.) ), total: 26.94 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 29.94 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 23.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. Counting ethnic affiliation was seen by some commentatorsFootnote49 as reintroducing ethnicity into politics when unity should be paramount. Starting with the elections in 2013 there has been a roll-back of reforms adopted after the post-election violence of 20072008,Footnote79 often under the rubric of securitization. With access to education, healthcare, and technology, Kenya is poised for exponential growth. )note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49, 530 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est. Secondly, there are urbanized Somalis whose ancestors settled in the colonial towns. East Africa is the most populous subregion of Africa, with a population of approximately 455 million people. The term furthermore encompasses the diverse roles in which Kenyan Somalis can find themselves: as marginalized citizens in the northeastern region, as high-ranking politicians, as businesspeople in the metropoles and as urbanized (lower) middle class Kenyans. ), China 27%, India 11%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Japan 4%, Saudi Arabia 3% (2020), refined petroleum, palm oil, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, cars (2020), $9.491 billion (31 December 2021 est. 62. 69. His family did not know that Abdullahi lived a very different life, going to clubs and only very rarely to the mosque. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). Talking from the current perspective an old man in Nakuru spoke about the early 1960s: In July [1960] Somalia was declared independent, in October I went there. Cheeseman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 3. Registered in England & Wales No. In Nakuru, I met several families neither registered with the UNHCR nor the Kenyan state. Citizenship does, however, not only mean a formal affiliation to the state. ), English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languagesmajor-language sample(s): The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. 56. The region has an estimated population of about 4.5 million. 240.71$ billion vs 190.97$ billion 18.01% fewer people living below the poverty line? 65 In 1948 and 1962 enumeration in Northern Province was not done by household because of sparse population and logistical difficulties. In addition, archival sources about the history of urban Somali presence were gathered. According to a Somali MP (interviewed in September 2014), about 100,000 Somalians were living in Eastleigh (Nairobi) alone, many of them not registered. )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. ), total subscriptions: 61,096 (2021 est. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. Interview with Abdullahi, Mombasa, August 2011. In addition, the Security Laws (Amendment) Act was passed in 2014. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the Ogaden is the largest Darod clan in Ethiopia's Somali Region, and may account for 40 to 50 percent of the Somali population in Ethiopia. We use cookies to improve your website experience. )government consumption: 14.3% (2017 est. In the third part of the paper, I discuss how the two dimensions important for the notion of Kenyanness race and cultural citizenship play out for the Somali citizens of the state. The movement of people from Somalia to . Islam is also one of the elements dividing Kenyan Somalis from the Christian majority. Differences in the way Kenyan Somalis respond to the alternating incorporation into and alienation from society can be found within the very same family. They were not only associated with insecurity and later terrorism, but also to perceptions that refugees were a burden who took away commercial opportunities from Kenyans.Footnote31 There were also widespread accusations that they acquired Kenyan passports illegally. The government was unable to respond adequately to the attacks. Interview with Mzee Jamal, Nakuru, November, 2010. 84. All Somalis were required to register and to prove their belonging, consolidating their position as ambiguous citizens.Footnote17 The various counterinsurgency measures taken by the Kenyan state had severe economic impacts and to this day, the northeastern region remains one of the least developed, producing a dual exclusion of both the region and its people,Footnote18 with the regular internal checkpoint in Garissa still resembling a border station to Kenya for many Somalis.Footnote19, Outside of the northeastern region, urbanized Kenyan Somalis also felt marginalized: they were not only held responsible for the secessionist movement, but also lost the socio-economic status they had occupied in pre-independence society. Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 1516. 110. See Balaton-Chrimes, Counting as Citizen.. During the screening of Kenyans of Somali descent in 1989, those considered as belonging to an indigenous lineage were issued pink screening cards.Footnote25 All others were effectively declared non-citizens, losing everything linked to Kenyan citizenship status (such as property).Footnote26 Kenyan Somalis were, as during the Wagalla massacre,Footnote27 on both sides of this event in both cases a small Somali political elite used the events to weaken their economic and political rivals.Footnote28 Even though not all Kenyan Somalis were registered, the pink screening card would be a requirement for obtaining an ID years later. The establishment of counties, provided for in the new Constitution as an outcome of the post-electoral violence of 20072008, aimed at decentralizing power.Footnote57 Thereby the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development was recognized.Footnote58 Minorities cautiously welcomed devolution, hoping for more control. 90. The latter is often connected to a nomadic lifestyle, which tends to ignore national borders,Footnote89 adding to the perception of disloyality to the soil. McIntosh argues that one way for white Kenyans to claim Kenyanness is to appeal to a cosmopolitan ideal, a civic nationalism, in which all groups invested in the nation are equally welcome.Footnote113 As it was shown, the citizen-making instruments of the state in the last decade discussed with taking the example of the census and the elections reflect in content and usage the imagination of Kenya as a nation of diversity. Many are in refugee camps in Kenya and Yemen, from where they recount stories of horrific abuse. The only thing that is bringing us [ethnic Somalis from Kenya and Somalia] together is the religion, and slightly the language, and the colour. 74. Meanwhile, the situation in neighbouring Somalia worsened, starting with the Ogaden war (1977-1978). Diaspora Somalis Negotiate Their Citizenship, Remembering Wagalla: State Violence in Northern Kenya, 19621991, Counting as Citizens: Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan Census, Feeling the Pinch: Kenya, Al-Shabaab, and East Africas Refugee Crisis, Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration, Navigating Ethnicity and Electoral Politics in Northern Kenya: The Case of the 2013 Election, Autochthony: Local Or Global? )$4,600 (2019 est. 53. "Ambiguous citizens": Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 257. Nobody questions the connection of Kenyan Somalis to the soil of the northeastern region, where most of them live: what is disputed is the question of whether or not this makes them Kenyan. )101.991 (2019 est. )-0.25% (2020 est. Abyssinia of eastern Africa. Yet devolution also led to new power struggles. These social networks, therefore, not only separate Kenyan Somalis from fellow Kenyans, but also from Somalians. Kenyan Somalis are not the only ambiguous citizens of Kenya. Talking Peace in the Ogaden | Rift Valley Institute ), Uganda 14%, Pakistan 8%, Netherlands 8%, United States 8%, United Kingdom 7% (2020), tea, cut flowers, refined petroleum, gold, coffee (2020), $21.853 billion (2021 est.) In the following, I will discuss three further citizen-making instruments, which have particularly influenced the position of Kenyan Somalis since the post-election violence of 2007/8: the census of 2009, the elections of 2013, and the securitization of politics since 2013. But the Somali dwellers outside North Eastern Province were those who really suffered.Footnote20, Although the emergency regulations persisted until the early 1990s, the northeastern region and its inhabitants became gradually more included into the Kenyan state.Footnote21 After a foiled coup in 1982, President Moi incorporated Somali elites into his apparatus to secure his power base,Footnote22 enabling some of them to make a career in the state administration. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Similar narratives of internal migration feature in many of the interviews. The Portuguese arrived in the 1490s and, using Mombasa as a base, sought to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. ), water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; water shortage and degraded water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; flooding; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements, particulate matter emissions: 25.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. ), 54.2% of GDP (2017 est. 102. Between 2017 and 2023, the population needing humanitarian assistance in parts of Eastern Africa rose from 22.5 million to 68 million and, as reported in the financial tracking systems of the United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair- UN-OCHA, the cost of humanitarian assistance doubled from US$4.1 billion to US$9.4 billion. 51. note: data are in current year dollars$11.471 billion (2019 est. 49. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500-600 mm of rainfall annually. Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard), Parliamentary Debates, July 14, 1999, p. 1327 and October 24, 2001, p. 2713. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Fact Sheet, Kenya (01-31 December 2017). 28. The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. #KenyaInvestmentHub Pride of Africa . In high school she played soccer, and she likes walking around in town, even though people recurrently whisper walaal in her direction.Footnote106 For some time, she had a Nubian boyfriend nobody knew about. This inability to speak Somali was true even though Abdullahis brothers mainly lived within Somali circles: their closest contacts were members of the extended kin network and of their own clan and the flat in which Abdullahi was living was situated in a Somali middle class neighbourhood. Accessed March 6, 2018. http://www.unhcr.org/ke/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Kenya-Operation-Factsheet-December-2017-.pdf. 61. In 2013, the elections fostered a co-optation of the Kenyan Somali population; at the same time, they were the focus of a securitization discourse, which in turn resulted in another alienation of the Somali population of Kenya. administered Somali territories of northern Kenya and Somaliland. The changed mode of the presidential election also introduced new competitive elements. They also inhabit Somalia's major cities such as Mogadishu and Kismayo. The widespread use of rape in Ogaden has . Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Campbell, Urban Refugees in Nairobi, 401. Since Kenyas independence in 1963, the question of how to incorporate the heterogenous parts of its society has been a vital issue. )investment in fixed capital: 18.9% (2017 est. )5.4% (2020 est. [2] . Lochery discusses citizenship as being graduated.Footnote5 Using the example of the screening exercise of 1989, when all Kenyan Somalis had to get registered, she demonstrates how institutions negotiate and produce citizenship, resulting in graduated access to rights and protection. 91. Refworld | Somalia: Information on the Ogaden clan in Somaliland Changes in identification over time are also indicated by the Afrobarometer data concerning ethnic versus national identification. Both of them, as good Muslims, did not go out to bars, but instead played video games in the evening and enjoyed Somali music. Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC). Numerous political disputes between the colony and the UK subsequently led to the violent Mau Mau Uprising, which began in 1952, and the eventual declaration of independence in 1963. UNPO: Ogaden - Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization This argument was already raised in 1974 during a discussion about the motion Compulsary birth registration for Isiolo and Marsabit Somali (Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, May 17, 1974, p. 1408). )industrial: 300 million cubic meters (2020 est. Ogaden - Wikipedia Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 617. )services: 47.5% (2017 est. agriculture: 34.5% (2017 est. 101. http://kenyaimnotaterrorist.tumblr.com [accessed 21 April 2016]. )solar: 1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )5.24% (2019 est.). The Ogaden (Somali: Ogaadeen, Arabic: ) is a Somali clan, and one of the largest Darod subclans. Daily Nation, Security laws illegal, declares High Court, 23 February 2015. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Security-laws-illegal-declares-High-Court/1064-2633342-jw2qp1/index.html. 58.17million more inhabitants? 13. Even though the High Court nullified parts of the bill, especially those concerned with the freedom of press and a clause limiting the number of refugees in the country to 150,000, most of its sections remain in place.Footnote77 This last step taken by the government indicates that security measures targeting Kenyan Somalis are part of a wider political landscape, encompassing not only the global war on terror,Footnote78 but also changing political structures within Kenya. The Ogaden was one of these and the two others were Djibouti and the Northern Frontier District in Kenya. They share this cleavage with other Kenyan Muslims, especially coastal Arabs and Swahili.
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